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Cells become specialized, or ‘‘mature,’’ is essential for cell and developmental biology.
While maturity is usually deemed a terminal fate, it may be more helpful to consider maturation as a switch and a dynamic continuum of adaptive phenotypic states set by genetic and environmental programming.
The hallmarks of maturity comprise changes in anatomy (form, gene circuitry, and interconnectivity) and physiology (function, rhythms, and proliferation) that confer adaptive behavior.
We discuss efforts to harness their chemical (nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors) and physical (mechanical, spatial, and electrical) triggers in vitro and in vivo and how maturation strategi…