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Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IELS) are a unique group of T cells that are located within the epithelial layer of the intestine. They play an essential role in maintaining the immune balance of the intestine and in defending against harmful pathogens. The development and functionality of CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes are shaped by a variety of factors. These include dietary elements, interactions with microbes, and specific signaling pathways. For example, the expression of epithelial [MHC-II](brain://ekGF8tkLeUq1B4VydVH…