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FXR deficiency has been linked to increased intestinal permeability because of reduced inhibition of cytokine expression by Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)
Gut permeability is also regulated via Farnesoid X receptor (FXR / NR1H4), is most commonly activated by primary bile acids
Two cytokines known to be increasing the permeability in the intestinal epithelial monolayer are IL-4 and IL-13
Adams et al. 1993 J Immunol 150: 235…