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Choline, which is ingested with phosphatidylcholine-containing food in animal fats, is metabolized to trimethylamine (TMA) by microbial choline TMA lyase.
Trimethylamine (TMA) is absorbed into the circulation and converted into the pro-atherosclerotic trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) by hepatic FMO3 (flavin monooxygenases)
In mice with intact intestinal microbiota, dietary supplementation with TMAO or either [carnitine](brain://gMaAmvwpMkqccELpKib1Y…