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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally similar to mucin O-glycans, naturally occurring in human milk and are the third largest solid component of human milk, after lactose and lipids
Zhang et al. 2021 Microb Cell Fact 20(1): 108
Luis & Hansson 2023 Cell Host & Microbe 31(7):

They are synthesized in the Mammary gland
Ishiguro et al. 2023 Academic Press ISBN 978-0-323-91387-4

Maternal genomic variants in the fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT…

References (Sources)

Gold standard for nutrition: a review of human milk oligosaccharide and its effects on infant gut microbiota
Zhang et al. 2021 Microb Cell Fact 20(1): 108
Review
Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study
Miliku et al. 2019 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 110: 1370-1383
Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Associations With Immune-Mediated Disease and Infection in Childhood: A Systematic Review
Doherty et al. 2018b Front. Pediatr. 6: 91
Review
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure and Functions
Bode 2020 Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. 94: 1–9
Review
The functional biology of human milk oligosaccharides
Bode 2015 Early Hum. Dev. 91: 619–622
The Predominance of Type I Oligosaccharides Is a Feature Speciﬁc to Human Breast Milk
Urashima et al. 2012 Adv. Nutr. 3: 473S–482S
Variation of human milk oligosaccharides in relation to milk groups and lactational periods
Thurl et al. 2010 Br. J. Nutr. 104: 1261–1271

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12/16/2025

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)

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