Cellular Stress

Cellular stress is when cells are exposed to adverse conditions that disrupt their normal function and homeostasis. Conditions can be various internal and external factors: Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress, DNA Damage and Senescence, Heat-Shock Response, Radiation-Induced Stress, Chemical and Environmental Stressors, Metabolic Stress
Kim et al. 2019a Cells 8(9): 1105
Victorelli et al. 2023 Nature 622(7983): 627-636

Heat-shock response, a widespread protective mechanism, triggers a sudden increase in the cellular concentration of different proteins, including molecular chaperones and proteases, to preserve protein folding and maintain cellular homeostasis.

The Unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular stress response pathway, i…