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Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis)
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Contents
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis releases glucocorticoids (GCs), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE) in peripheral tissues such as the adrenal gland or directly from nerve endings
These stress-related molecules bind to receptors in various body tissues to control physiological responses to stress and receptors on immune cells and tissues to regulate immune and inflammatory processes, including releasing multiple cytokines.
Released cytokines, in turn, travel to the [central nervous system](brain://t-a8fcXld16_S4O12ziwyQ/CentralN…
References (Sources)
- Differential Responses of the HPA Axis to Mild Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in Male and Female Mice
- Evolutionary Significance of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis on Vertebrate Immunity and the Influence of the Microbiome on Early-Life Stress Regulation and Health OutcomesReview
- From Probiotics to Psychobiotics: Live Beneficial Bacteria Which Act on the Brain-Gut Axis
- Gut Microbiota and the Neuroendocrine SystemReview
- Probiotics and Psychobiotics: the Role of Microbial Neurochemicals
- The HPA and SAM axis mediate the impairment of creativity under stress
- The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Neurodegenerative Diseases