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Heart Failure / Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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Heart failure (HF), a complex clinical syndrome, is characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs.

The prevalence of heart failure in adults is 1 to 2% and in over 70-year-old >10%.
Mosterd & Hoes 2007 Heart 93(9): 1137-1146
McMurray et al. 2012 European Heart Journal 33(14): 1787-1847

Heart failure is a difficult clinical syndrome with abnormal changes in the structure and function of the heart. Heart failure leads to ventricular systolic and or diastolic dysfunction Ponikowski et al. 2016 European Heart Journal 37(27): 2129-2200