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Probiotics (living agents) & Depression / Depressive Disorders / Mood

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In clinical studies, Probiotics (living agents) demonstrated a greater potential than prebiotics or postbiotics in reducing symptoms of depression in patients.
Chudzik et al. 2021 Biomolecules 11: 1000

However, clinical trial results are slightly disappointing
Chudzik et al. 2021 Biomolecules 11: 1000

Probiotics are effective in reducing depressive symptoms when administered in addition to antidepressants (SMD = 0.83, 95%CI 0.49–1.17), however, they do not seem to offer significant benefits when used as stand-alone treatment (SMD = −0.02, 95%CI −0.34–0.30).
Nikolova et al. 2021 J. Clin. Med.10: 6…