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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in defending against infections. They recognize microbial ligands. These ligands are found in both harmful and harmless microbes. Inflammation from harmless bacteria is usually avoided. This is due to the microflora being kept away by surface epithelia.
TLRs recognize commensal bacteria in normal conditions. This interaction is crucial for maintaining intestinal balance. TLR activation by these bacteria protects against gut injury. It also reduces related mortality.
Rakoff-Nahoum et …