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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

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There is a genetic component to Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), with over 100 loci affecting risk. The MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), including HLA class I and II genes, and non-HLA genes like INS and PTN22, are important for its heritability.
Wang et al. 2017 Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 52(2): 273-286
Sharp et al. 2019 Diabetes Care 42(2): 200-207

Globally, the incidence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) has been increasing for several decades; specifically, after World War II in the western world
Bingley & Gale 1989 Diabetes Care. 12: 289-95
Gale 2002 Diabetes 51: 3353-61
Ludvigsson 2017 Diabetes Care 40: e143-4

People are usually diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when clinical symptoms appear. However, glucose and A1C levels, along with autoantibodies, can increase even…

References (Sources)

Being born in Sweden increases the risk for type 1 diabetes - a study of migration of children to Sweden as a natural experiment.
Soderstrom et al. 2012 Acta Paediatr. 101: 73-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02410.x
Concordance for islet autoimmunity among monozygotic twins
Redondo et al. 2008 N Engl J Med 359: 2849-50
Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland
Kaprio et al. 1992 Diabetologia 35: 1060-7
Increasing incidence of childhood-onset type I diabetes in 3 Baltic countries and Finland 1983-1998
Podar et al. 2001 Diabetologia 44 (Suppl. 3): B17-20
Infant diets and type 1 diabetes: too early, too late, or just too complicated?
Atkinson et al. 2003 JAMA 290: 1771–2
The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Group SFDIYS et al. 2006 Pediatrics 118: 1510-8
The Role of Gut Microbiota and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis
Dedrick et al. 2020 Front. Endocrinol. 11: 78
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