Chronic Renal Failure / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) & Vascular Calcification (VC)

Vascular calcification (VC ) is an active biological process associated with hydroxyapatite and other calcium-phosphate crystallisation within the intima and media layers of the vasculature and/or heart valves.
Evenepoel et al. 2019 Kidney Dis. 26(6): 472-483
Yin et al. 2021a J Cell Mol Med. 25: 1332-1341

Medial calcification is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)' transformation into osteoblast-like cells and is more common in Chronic Renal Failure / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients
Ryu et al. 2020 Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 19: 31-41

The decline of inhibitors such as Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), Gla-rich protein (GRP), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7) and the increase of calcification inducers lead to more extensive Vascular Calcification (VC) in the Chronic Renal Failure / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) population
Silva et al. 2020 J Clin Med. 9: 635
Zununi Vahed et al. 2020 Vasc Health Risk Manag. 16: 167-180