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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) & Macrophages (CD68s)

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Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in PDAC exhibited high Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) activity, and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)-deficient macrophages developed an inflammatory phenotype.
Hezaveh et al. 2022 Immunity 55: 324-340.e8

Macrophage Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) activity depended on Lactobacillus metabolization of dietary tryptophan to indoles.
Hezaveh et al. 2022 Immunity 55: 324-340.e8

References (Sources)

Apoptotic cell-induced AhR activity is required for immunological tolerance and suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice and humans
Shinde et al. 2018 Nat. Immunol. 19: 571-582
External inﬂuences on the immune system via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Stockinger et al. 2011 Semin. Immunol. 23: 99-105
Review
Tryptophan-derived microbial metabolites activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in tumor-associated macrophages to suppress anti-tumor immunity
Hezaveh et al. 2022 Immunity 55: 324-340.e8

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5/29/2026

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