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Antibiotic consumption in noninfectious situations could lead to an inflammatory response (Inflammation) through direct and indirect pathways.
Hantoushzadeh et al. 2020 American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 222(6): 639-640
Certain antibiotics have been shown capable of inducing inflammation: Both in-vivo and in-vitro studies in humans have also demonstrated this inflammation as elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
Hantoushzadeh et al. 2020a Journal of Inflammation Research 13: 245-254
This increase has been observed in the presence and the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Hantoushzadeh et al. 2020a Journal of Inflammation Research 13: 245-254
Moreover, antibiotics can induce endotoxemia in healthy cases, which finally leads to proinflammatory cytokine release.
Hantoushzadeh et al. 2020a Journal of Inflammation Research 13: 245-254