Adiposity / Obesity

Currently, more than 50% of the global population is classified as overweight. The rise in obesity is largely attributed to easy access to energy-dense foods and a sedentary lifestyle, making it a major global health and socio-economic issue.
Larik et al. 2024 Cell Host & Microbe 32(8): 1225

NFKB Activation in adipose tissue contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity. in adipose tissue contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.

In Adiposity / Obesity, the energy extracted from the food consumed is greater than what is used by the body
Boscaini et al. 2022 Molecular Metabolism 57: 101427

This leads to an increase in adipose tissue mass and consequent weight gain and other comorbidities
Sam & Mazzone 2014 Translational Research 164: 284-292
Blüher 2019 Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15: 288-298

Obesity rates have soared globally. This rise has occurred over decades. It leads to more obesity-related diseases. These include type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, and liver disease. Nonmetabolic diseases are also affected. There's increased susceptibility to infection and cancer.
Berg & Scherer 2005 Circ Res 96: 939-949
Kanda et al. 2006 J Clin Invest 116: 1494-1505
Morris 2015 Mol Endocrinol 29: 946-962
Rhee et al. 2016 Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25: 208-216
Doerstling et al. 2017 Front Oncol 7: 216
Pugliese et al. 2022 Int J Obes (Lond) 46: 449-465

Dietary obesity reduces plasma and tissue BCHA levels, which are partially prevented by consuming dietary yogurt.
Daniel et al. 2022 Nat Commun 13(1): 1343

The adiposity/obesity means an increased body mass index (BMI), which is calculated as weight divided by the square of height (kg/m2). The BMI is raised by enhancing insulin resistance and increasing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides
Duan et al. 2021 PLoS ONE 16(8): e0255446

Adiposity / Obesity comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and CMD increased mortality rates and rising healthcare costs
World Health Organization 2020 https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

Childhood Obesity has reached epidemic levels, representing one of the most severe public health concerns associated with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Carbajo-Pescador et al. 2019 Dis Model Mech 12: doi: 10.1242/dmm.039206.

Adiposity / Obesity is a global pandemic complex to treat due to its multifactorial pathogenesis - an unhealthy lifestyle, neuronal and hormonal mechanisms, and genetic and epigenetic factors are involved.
Cerdó et al. 2019

Obesity was defined as a multi-causal chronic disease recognized across the life span resulting from long-term positive energy balance with the development of excess adiposity that over time leads to structural abnormalities, physiological derangements, and functional impairments
Jastreboff et al. 2019 Obesity (Silver Spring) 27(1): 7-9

Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for adiposity / obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain
Stanhope et al. 2018

Obesity is characterized by increased fat mass and is associated with the development of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), usually known as metabolic syndrome.
Tenorio-Jiménez et al. 2018

Adiposity / Obesity increases the risk of developing numerous comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer) and increased premature mortality
Abdelaal et al. 2017 Ann Transl Med. 5(7): 161

Comparable to the role of central nervous system (CNS) reward and satiety responses in drug addiction (Trinko et al. 2007 Physiol Behav. 91(5): 499-505; Volkow et al. 2008 NeuroImage. 42(4): 1537-1543), obese individuals are characterized by overeating due to altered CNS reward and satiety responses to food
Rothemund et al. 2007 Neuroimage 37(2):410-421
Ten Kulve et al. 2015 Diabetologia 58(12):2688-2698
Van Bloemendaal et al. 2015 Diabetes Obesity Metab. 17(9): 878-886
Ten Kulve et al. 2016 Diabetes Care 39(2):214-221

Accordingly, the probability of regaining average body weight after reaching an obese state is less than 1%
Fildes et al. 2015 Am J Public Health 105(9): e54

Adiposity / Obesity is not only linked to major diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and cancer, but it also reduces life expectancy and quality of life
Scully 2014 Nature 508: S50

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) elevate the risk of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and cancer
Lusis et al. 2008 Nat. Rev. Genet. 9: 819-830
Braunet al. 2011 Int. J. Biol. Sci. 7: 1003-1015

Obesity affects millions of people worldwide. In 2016, approximately 650 million people were considered obese. By 2030, obesity is projected to affect 1.12 billion people
Kelly et al. 2008 Int J Obes (Lond). 32(9): 1431-1437

Obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia are consequences of endotoxemia
Cani et al. 2007 Diabetes. 56(7): 1761-72

The Obese Microbiome Has an Increased Capacity to Harvest Energy from the Diet
Turnbaugh et al. 2006 Nature 444: 1027-31

Adiposity / Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with sedentary lifestyles and increased food intake likely the main causes
Jebb & Moore 1999 Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31(11 Suppl.): S534–S541
Hu 2003 Lipids 38: 103-108

Obesity poses a risk for Atherosclerosis / Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, insulin resistance (IR), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other diseases. Weight loss improves these metabolic complications.
Goodpaster et al. 1999 Diabetes 48(4): 839-847
Vidal 2002 Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 26(Suppl 4): S25-S28.

see also:
Adiposity / Obesity & Cancer / Tumors
Consequences & Adiposity / Obesity
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
White Adipose Tissue (WAT)