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Generally, cellular stresses and inflammatory cytokines activate p38 MAP Kinases
Four p38 MAP kinases, p38-alfa (MAPK14), -beta (MAPK11), -gamma (MAPK12 / ERK6), and -delta (MAPK13 / SAPK4), have been identified. They are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy.
By osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ultraviolet light, and growth factors activated p38 MAP kinases activate transcription factors (ATF2, Mac, MEF2, p53)
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