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Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a crucial role in immune defense, particularly at barrier sites such as the intestinal lining. It primarily targets stromal and epithelial cells, stimulating them to rapidly produce antibacterial peptides. This action is pivotal in preventing the transmission of pathogens and maintaining the balance of gut microbiota.
IL-22 exhibits both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which vary depending on its location and the surrounding microenvironment. Its activity is enhanced when combined with other cytokines such as IL-17A or IL-17F. Together, they synergistically induce the expression of molecules like beta-defensin 2 and S100A9, while also additively boosting the levels of S100A7 and S100A8. These molecules are essential for the immune …