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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

M2 polarization

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M2 polarization refers to the alternative activation state of macrophages, which is characterized by anti-inflammatory and tissue-repairing functions in contrast to the pro-inflammatory M1 state. M2 macrophages play crucial roles in resolving inflammation, promoting tissue remodeling, supporting angiogenesis, and suppressing immune responses, and are implicated in pathologies such as cancer, fibrosis, and persistent infections.
Yunna et al. 2020 Eur J Pharmacol 877: 173090
Boutilier et al. 2021 Int J Mol Sci 22(13): 6995
Sezginer & Unver 2024 Inflamm Res 73: 1411-1423

References (Sources)

Dissection of pro-tumoral macrophage subtypes and immunosuppressive cells participating in M2 polarization
Sezginer & Unver 2024 Inflamm Res 73: 1411-1423
Macrophage M1/M2 polarization
Yunna et al. 2020 Eur J Pharmacol 877: 173090
Review
Macrophage Polarization States in the Tumor Microenvironment
Boutilier et al. 2021 Int J Mol Sci 22(13): 6995
Review
What Is an M2 Macrophage? Historical Overview of the Macrophage Polarization Model. The Th1/Th2 and M1/M2 Paradigm, the Arginine Fork
Röszer 2020 In: The M2 Macrophage. Progress in Inflammation Research, vol 86. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50480-9_1