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Upregulation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades RAF kinase (Raf) and MEK (MAPK/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]) contributes to carcinogenesis. Several cell-surface molecules activate RAS (K-Ras, NRAS, and HRAS), a family of GTPases that activate downstream RAF protein kinases (BRAF, CRAF, and [ARAF](b…