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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Microglia & Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta 2)

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Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) from endothelial cells and astrocytes
Liu et al. 1994 Am. J. Pathol. 145: 48–53
Schilling et al. 2001 Eur. J. Neurosci. 14: 463–473
Salimi et al. 2003 Cell Tissue Res. 312: 135–139
Butovsky et al. 2014 Nat. Neurosci. 17: 131–143

References (Sources)

Astrocyte-released cytokines induce ramiﬁcation and outward K + channel expression in microglia via distinct signalling pathways
Schilling et al. 2001 Eur. J. Neurosci. 14: 463–473
GDNF and TGF-beta1 promote cell survival in serum-free cultures of primary rat microglia
Salimi et al. 2003 Cell Tissue Res. 312: 135–139
Identiﬁcation of a unique TGF-betadependent molecular and functional signature in microglia
Butovsky et al. 2014 Nat. Neurosci. 17: 131–143
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor mediates astrocyte-induced microglial ramiﬁcation in human fetal central nervous system culture
Liu et al. 1994 Am. J. Pathol. 145: 48–53

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5/29/2026

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