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Cellular stress is when cells are exposed to adverse conditions that disrupt their normal function and homeostasis. Conditions can be various internal and external factors: Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress, DNA Damage and Senescence, Heat-Shock Response, Radiation-Induced Stress, Chemical and Environmental Stressors, Metabolic Stress
Heat-shock response, a widespread protective mechanism, triggers a sudden increase in the cellular concentration of different proteins, including molecular chaperones and proteases, to preserve protein folding and maintain cellular homeostasis.
The Unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular stress response pathway, is broadly implicated in disease and resistance to therapy