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Norepinephrine has been shown to increase the expression of K99 pilus adhesin of enterotoxigenic E. coli (Lyte et al., 1997c) as well as type 1 fimbriae of commensal E. coli (Hendrickson et al., 1999).
Freestone & Lyte 2008 Adv Appl Microbiol 64: 75-105
Norepinephrine was found to increase E. coli O157:H7-induced intestinal inflammatory and secretory responses as well as bacterial adherence to intestinal mucosa.
Freestone & Lyte 2008 Adv Appl Microbiol 64: 75-105
Nakano et al. (2007b) found that norepinephrine enhanced the cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus, as well as increased transcription of several Type III secretion system TSS1related genes.
Freestone & Lyte 2008 Adv Appl Microbiol 64: 75-105
Recently, Cogan et al. (2007) also found that norepinephrine increased the host cell invasiveness of Campylobacter jejuni.
Freestone & Lyte 2008 Adv Appl Microbiol 64: 75-105