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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Appetite regulation & Hormones / Hormone System

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Appetite-regulating hormones influence the Central Nervous System (CNS) and maintain energy balance. Individuals often resist both native and administered appetite-regulating hormones due to transport saturation (Banks 2021 Compr Physiol 11: 2351-2369) and low permeability (Wilson 1988 Psychopharmacology 96: 262-266; Pardridge et al. 1994 Pharm Res 11: 738-746; Poduslo & Curran 1996 Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36: 280-286) at the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Shen et al. 2025 Cell 188: 1545-1562

see also:
Acetate & Adiposity / Obesity
[Adipocytokine / Adipokine](brain://y555pTJ570y_5R…

References (Sources)

Engineered commensals for targeted nose-to-brain drug delivery
Shen et al. 2025 Cell 188: 1545-1562
Leptin and the Blood-Brain Barrier: Curiosities and Controversies
Banks 2021 Compr Physiol 11: 2351-2369
Review
Low permeability of the blood-brain barrier to nanomolar concentrations of immunoreactive alpha-melanotropin
Wilson 1988 Psychopharmacology 96: 262-266
Permeability at the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors: NGF, CNTF, NT-3, BDNF
Poduslo & Curran 1996 Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36: 280-286
Transport of human recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the rat blood-brain barrier in vivo using vector-mediated peptide drug delivery
Pardridge et al. 1994 Pharm Res 11: 738-746

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12/16/2025

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Appetite regulation & Hormones / Hormone System

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