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It is important that the gut microbiota creates a homeostasis: induction of immune responses that are ready but not overly active. This is achieved at least in part by the ability of different bacterial species to induce a mixture of antigen-specific T cells equipped with effector and regulatory properties.
There is also a need for the host to maximize tolerance to food antigens, thereby avoiding inflammation that would impair nutrient absorption.
Immune homeostasis is dependent on the bidirectional dialogue between the host …