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Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Indoxyl-3-sulfate / Indoxyl Sulfate (IS)

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Indoxyl sulfate is an L-tryptophan metabolite. The metabolism of L-tryptophan to indole occurs in a multi-stage process by Indole-Producing-Bacteria. Subsequent conversion of indole to indoxyl and, finally, the sulfation of indoxyl to indoxyl sulfate happens in the liver.

Indoxyl-3- sulfate and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) belong to the family of indolic uremic toxins.

Indoxyl sulfate has been linked with myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodelling.
Wu et al. 2016 J Am Soc Nephrol. 27: 1254-1264
Dantzer et al. 2018 Brain Behav Immun. 74: 28-42

References (Sources)

Protein-bound uremic toxins, inflammation and oxidative stress: a cross-sectional study in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease
Rossi et al. 2014 Arch Med Res 45: 309-317
Resilience and immunity
Dantzer et al. 2018 Brain Behav Immun. 74: 28-42
Serum indoxyl sulfate associates with postangioplasty thrombosis of dialysis grafts
Wu et al. 2016 J Am Soc Nephrol. 27: 1254-1264
The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review
Vanholder et al. 2014 J Am Soc Nephrol. 25(9): 1897-1907
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Indoxyl sulfate - Wikipedia