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Indole / Indoles are built from tryptophan catalyzed by a one-step reaction catalyzed by tryptophanase. It can come from the metabolism of Dietary proteins / Protein (nutrient) or from bacteria. Indole can be transformed by a variety of Bacteroides and Enterobacteriaceae with tryptophanase activity, while indole derivatives are only produced by a few commensal species, including Peptostreptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp.
Collectively, indole metabolites have protective effects on the development of tumors in the colon in an AhR-dependent manner, including inhibiting inflammation, promoting barrier function, and restraining the hyperproliferation of intestinal stem cells
Indole / Indoles modulates incretin secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine L- cells
Indole modulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in mouse colonic enteroendocrine L cells (), which is critical in stimulating the insulin secretion of pancreatic beta cells, suppressing appetite and slowing gastric emptying ()
Recent studies indicate that indoles activate AhR and PXR receptors to affect the immune system’s function and further promote human health, including vascular regulation
see also:
Epithelial Barrier Integrity / Mucosal Barrier Integrity & Indole / Indoles