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M1 polarization refers to the process by which macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype, typically called "classically activated" macrophages. This polarization is usually induced by microbial products (like lipopolysaccharide) and Th1 cytokines (such as interferon-gamma), leading to increased production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (IL-1F2), [Interleukin-6 (IL-6)](brain://YI0686F…