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Examples of inducing cytokines: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) / Interleukin-1 family, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) / Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa)
Pro-inflammatory Activity / Pro-inflammatory Responses can also compromise barrier and immune function to allow Bacterial Translocation / Intestinal permeability through intestinal tight junctions and intensify the inflammatory response
“Inflammatory” signals (mediators) are Cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids, and bioactive amines and cell types (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes) (IM)
Medzhitov 2021 Science 374: 1070-1075 (IM)
“Inflammatory” signals (mediators) are involved in both acute inflammation and in a variety of homeostatic processes.
Medzhitov 2021 Science 374: 1070-1075 (IM)
Characteristics of the pro-inflammatory response are reductions in butyrate production, increases in LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotoxins, and TMAO production.
Romanenko et al. 2021 Front. Psychiatry 12: 712673
Events leading to dysbiosis, such as the western diet, favor the systemic pro-inflammatory response.
Romanenko et al. 2021 Front. Psychiatry 12: 712673
The cellular and molecular mediators of inflammation are involved in a surprisingly broad range of biological processes, including tissue remodeling, metabolism, thermogenesis, and function of the nervous system (including behavior) (IM)
Rankin & Artis 2018 Cell 173: 554-567