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Upon mucosal damage, these cells are induced by different cytokines, such as IL-6, TGF-beta, and IL-1 beta.
It has been demonstrated in mice that intestinal Th17 cells are induced by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), which are gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria located in the terminal ileum of the small intestine
Citrobacter rodentium and Escherichia coli O157 triggered similar Th17 responses, whereas adh…