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Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

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The lower gastrointestinal tract is anaerobic. This is an evolutionary advantage. It is crucial for gut bacteria. Oxygen is absent here. Bacteria cannot respire. They use fermentative metabolisms instead and convert diverse fibers. The result is fermentation products. The main products are short-chain fatty acids.
Light & Nagler 2024 Immunol Rev 326: 203-218

These SCFAs are absorbed by the large intestines and used as an energy supply.
Donohoe et al. 2011 Cell Metab 13(5): 517-526