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The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2023 report defines Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) / Emphysema as "a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea , cough , expectoration, exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airway (bronchitis , bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction". COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally
Airway microbiome dysbiosis contr…