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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and multidimensional syndrome characterized by persistent airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and progressive airflow limitation. Its pathology extends beyond the lungs, highlighting the systemic nature of the disease.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2023 report defines Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) / Emphysema as "a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea , cough , expectoration, exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airway ([bronchitis](brain://_…