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Medical Research Finder

Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

AuthorsReferences (Sources)

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile toxins

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Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile toxins such as Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile toxin B (TcdB) exaggerate colonic inflammation, damage tissues and promote Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile colonization
Kelly et al. 1994 N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 257-262
El Feghaly et al. 2013 Clin. Infect. Dis. 56: 1713-1721
Fletcher et al. 2021
Pruss & Sonnenburg 2021

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C. difficile exploits a host metabolite produced during toxin-mediated disease
Pruss & Sonnenburg 2021
Clostridioides difficile exploits toxin-mediated inflammation to alter the host nutritional landscape and exclude competitors from the gut microbiota
Fletcher et al. 2021
Clostridium difficile colitis
Kelly et al. 1994 N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 257-262
Review
Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection
El Feghaly et al. 2013 Clin. Infect. Dis. 56: 1713-1721

12/16/2025