Dendritic Cells (DCs) & Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Activation of dendritic cells (DCs) needs Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation and CD40 stimulation.

Probiotic bacteria favorably modulate the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in dendritic cells (DCs) from IBD patients.
Ghavami et al. 2020

see also:
Probiotics (living agents) & Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)