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Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressing primarily on microglia, can be stimulated during the course of PD through several molecules such as alfa-synuclein and heat shock proteins (HSPs) like heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) [10], HSP70 [11], and HSP-60 [12] presented from affected neurons [9].
Heidari et al. 2022 Journal of Neuro…