Glycolysis & Macrophage polarization

When activated by external conditions, the activities of Macrophages (CD68s) (M0) key glycolytic enzymes, including Hexokinase (HK), Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and Pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2), were correspondingly upregulated, increasing the rate of glycolysis, while inducing the polarization of M0 TAMs to M1 TAMs. The corresponding downregulation of Hexokinase (HK), Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and Pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2) mediated low glycolytic activity and caused M2 polarization of TAMs (2-DG:
Cao et al. 2023 Int. J. of Oncology 62(6):

The use of small molecular activators DASA‑58 and TEPP-46 to promote PKM2 tetramerization during LPS activation in mouse bone marrow‑derived macrophages impaired the binding of Pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2) to HIF‑1alfa and adversely affected macrophage M1 polarization(21)
Palsson‑McDermott et al. 2015 Cell Metab 21: 65‑80

see also:
Glycolysis & Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)
M2 macrophages (CD68+ CD163+)