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The term "pathobionts" was coined in 2008 and refers to microorganisms that typically act as commensals but can cause disease under certain conditions. This terminology takes into account the dynamic and complex nature of host-bacteria interactions. Despite many of the most notorious human pathogens, for which no vaccines are available, including Helicobacter pylori (1), Escherichia coli (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus (3), being categorized as pathobionts because …