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The term "pathobionts" was coined in 2008 and refers to microorganisms that typically act as commensals but can cause disease under certain conditions. This terminology takes into account the dynamic and complex nature of host-bacteria interactions. Despite many of the most notorious human pathogens, for which no vaccines are available, including Helicobacter pylori (1), Escherichia coli (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus (3), being categorized as pathobionts because they are capable of colonizing healthy hosts (4).
During pathogenic encounters, tissue homeostasis is disrupted, leading to the infiltration of various immune cells within inflammatory foci. The dynamic interactions between host immune cells and Pathobionts / Pathogens are predominant at infection sites due to the rapid production of a vast array of metabolic derivatives, organic acids, and byproducts within immune cells (5).
Organic acids produced through microbial growth or fermentation perform several functions:
Pathogens and their associated products activate several immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on innate cells. TLRs recognize evolutionarily conserved pathogenic moieties known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs activate several innate immune cells (neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages) to initiate non-specific inherent defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections until antigen-specific T cells are deployed (5).
Pathogens manipulate the metabolism of colonocytes for their growth (6).
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see also:
Colitis / Intestinal Inflammation & Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Escherichia coli (E. coli) & Hermaphrodites
Escherichia coli & Pathogenic Strains
Hermaphrodites