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During pathogenic encounters, tissue homeostasis is disrupted, leading to the infiltration of various immune cells within inflammatory foci. The dynamic interactions between host immune cells and Pathobionts / Pathogens are predominant at infection sites due to the rapid production of a vast array of metabolic derivatives, organic acids, and byproducts within immune cells.
Organic acids produced through microbial growth or fermentation perform several functions:
Pathogens and their associated products activate several immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on innate cells. TLRs recognize evolutionarily conserved pathogenic moieties known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs activate several innate immune cells (neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages) to initiate non-specific inherent defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections until antigen-specific T cells are deployed.
Pathogens manipulate the metabolism of colonocytes for their growth