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Indoxyl sulfate is an L-tryptophan metabolite. The metabolism of L-tryptophan to indole occurs in a multi-stage process by Indole-Producing-Bacteria. Subsequent conversion of indole to indoxyl and, finally, the sulfation of indoxyl to indoxyl sulfate happens in the liver.
Indoxyl-3- sulfate and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) belong to the family of indolic uremic toxins.
Indoxyl sulfate has been linked with myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodelling.
Wu et al. 2016 J Am Soc Nephrol. 27: 125…