Loading…
Microbes have parts like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that act as signals to the body. These signals, called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), connect with the body's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). This connection starts the body's natural immune response.
Additionally, things like food, the environment, drugs, and the body's own processes are changed by gut microbes into substances like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and derivatives of aromatic amino acids like tryptophan. These substances build up in the gut or move into the bloodstream, reaching organs like the liver, heart, pancreas, and brain. As signaling molecules and MAMPs, these substances interact with the body's cell receptors, greatly affecting human health and disease.
It is known that a person's genes influence the diversity of microorganisms in the gut. The genome-wide association analysis identifies variations in the vitamin D receptor and other host factors that influence the gut microbiota. A genome-wide association study conducted with 8,956 German participants reveals the impact of ABO histo-blood groups on the gut microbiome.
However, how exactly person's genes influence the diversity of microorganisms in the gut is not yet fully understood. A study examined the connections between human genes and the structure of the gut microbiota in nearly 9,000 people from the Netherlands. The researchers found that certain people with the blood group trait type-A oligosaccharide antigen more frequently carry a specific genetic variant in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. This variant enables the bacterium to utilize N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). In laboratory experiments, it was shown that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can use GalNAc as its sole Energy source when it has the corresponding genes. Other bacteria, such as Collinsella aerofaciens, can also utilize GalNAc, especially when associated with certain blood group traits.
Three essential elements for the interaction between host and gut microbiota are shown: nutrition, Probiotics (living agents), and microbial metabolites (postbiotics). Nutrition includes prebiotics, e.g., fruits, vegetables, cereals, and their separate components such as oligo- and polysaccharides. A personalized diet is achieved through a special diet tailored to the individual. Both the body and the gut microbiota are affected. Probiotics, as in dairy products, can be supplied directly or through FMT. Certain gut bacteria can be precisely manipulated ex vivo (engineering) and then introduced into the host. One method of engineering is the so-called phage therapy. The gut bacteria form metabolites, also called postbiotics(brain://KrFgPYZZyEiUfAOgUBrYYQ/Postbiotics). The most prominent example is short-chain fatty acids. Postbiotics can be administered directly to the host; their formation can be reduced by manipulation, or their activity can be blocked. It is obvious that these three elements also influence the function of the intestinal barrier.
Host genomics appear to have little impact on microbiota, external stimuli, and environment-induced modifications (exposome)
It's thought that the way host cells and friendly microbes interact with each other affects immune cells, which can cause differences between individuals
These differences, which depend on the microbes, have made people question how reliable the related data is. This is seen as a big part of the worldwide problem with reproducing scientific results
The interaction between the host and the gut microbiota occurs through the enteroendocrine hormone signaling system, the innervation of the gut (both intrinsic and extrinsic), the gut immune system, and the local tissue defense system.
see also:
Composition & Gut microbiota
Genome & Gut microbiota
Gut bacteria
lactase gene
Live bacterial therapeutics (LBTs)
Manipulation / Modulation of Gut microbiota
Microbiome-based therapeutics
Plant Polysaccharides
Vitamin D receptor (VDR)