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Gut microbiota / Evidence-based microbiome knowledge (incl. AI chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Bile

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The liver influences the intestine by generating bile, which, after meal intake, is secreted into the biliary system and then directly released via gallbladder and the bile duct into the small intestine.
Li & Chiang 2012 J. Lipids 2012: 754067
Lang & Schnabl 2020 Cell Host & Microbe 28(2): 233-244

Whole bile containing bilirubin has Antioxidants activity
Nobles et al. 2013 PLoS Pathog 9(7): e1003507

Beyond bilirubin, phospholipids (transported into the [gallbladder](brain://EWKhiWJFFk2dq6N…

References (Sources)

A product of heme catabolism modulates bacterial function and survival
Nobles et al. 2013 PLoS Pathog 9(7): e1003507
ABCG5 and ABCG8 require MDR2 for secretion of cholesterol into bile
Langheim et al. 2005 Journal of Lipid Research 46(8): 1732-1738
Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease
Duan et al. 2019 Nature 575: 505–511
Bile Acid signaling in liver metabolism and diseases
Li & Chiang 2012 J. Lipids 2012: 754067
Review
Bile acids and signal transduction: Role in glucose homeostasis
Nguyen & Bouscarel 2008 Cell. Signal. 20: 2180–2197
Homozygous disruption of the murine mdr2 P-glycoprotein gene leads to a complete absence of phospholipid from bile and to liver disease
Smit et al. 1993 Cell 75(3): 451-462
Microbiota and Fatty Liver Disease—the Known, the Unknown, and the Future
Lang & Schnabl 2020 Cell Host & Microbe 28(2): 233-244
Review

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