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The liver influences the intestine by generating bile, which, after meal intake, is secreted into the biliary system and then directly released via gallbladder and the bile duct into the small intestine.
Whole bile containing bilirubin has Antioxidants activity
Beyond bilirubin, phospholipids (transported into the gallbladder via ATP-binding cassette 4 (ABCB4) and cholesterol (transported via ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 (ABCG5) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8 (ABCG8)) are components of the bile
The major phospholipid in the bile is phosphatidylcholine
Bile mainly consists of cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin, and bile acids.
Bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol are three primary organic solutes found in bile. Once these substances are secreted, they come together to form mixed micelles. This process enhances the solubility of cholesterol and decreases its toxicity to the bile duct. The biliary bile acids concentration is about 100- to 1000-fold higher in the bile than in the hepatocytes.