M1 macrophages (CD68+ iNOS+)

• Phenotypic markers (human): CD68+, iNOS / Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOSs)+


• Transcription factors: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5)


• Inducing stimuli: DAMPs, PAMPs, LPS, IFN gamma


• Secreted factors: TNF-alfa, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-12, iNOS

Bashir et al. 2016 Inflamm. Res. 65: 1-11
Wynn & Vannella 2016 Immunity 44(3): 450-462
Kadomoto et al. 2021 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23: 144

M1 phenotypes have now been replaced by M(Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) + Interferon Type II (IFN Type II) / Interferon Gamma (IFN-g)) (M(LPS + IFN-g))
Parmar et al. 2020 J Immunol 204: 2762

M1-like genes are inos, ilb1 gene, mhcII, and cd80 gene.
Azizi et al. 2018 Cell 174(5): 1293–1308

M1 macrophages (CD68+ iNOS+) are activated by a polarization signal from bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines such as Interferon Type II (IFN Type II) / Interferon Gamma (IFN-g), Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa), and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (IL-1F2)
Belizario et al. 2018

Glucose utilization and the production of chemical mediators such as ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and NADPH support the effector activities of M1 macrophages (CD68+ iNOS+)
Belizario et al. 2018

M1 macrophages is characterized by a high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (IL-1F2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) / Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12)).
Chanput et al. 2013 Food Funct. 4: 266

M1 phenotype is triggered by polarization signal from bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma , TNF-alfa, and IL-1 beta , or both
Belizario et al. 2018

M1 cells display Th1-oriented pro-inflammatory effector properties and promote tissue damage and antimicrobial and antitumor resistance
Belizario et al. 2018
Hoppstädter et al., 2015

M1 macrophages or classically activated macrophages serve to defend against bacterial and viral infections and tumor regression.
Chanput et al. 2013 Food Funct. 4: 266

The M1 phenotype is characterized by a high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta (IL-1F2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) / Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and by expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Gordon 2003 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3: 23-35
Martinez et al. 2009 Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27: 451-483

M1 macrophages produce high levels of Type I cytokines that promote a tumor-rejecting Type 1 response
Ostrand-Rosenberg 2008

see also:
CD14++ CD16− Monocytes & Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Immune cell metabolism / Immunometabolism
Localisation / Occurence & Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
M1 polarization
M1 macrophages (CD68+ iNOS+) & Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa)
Geplant: 28.10.2025, 07:30 bis 08:00, MEZ & Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alfa)
Localisation / Occurence & Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
THP-1 cell line