Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are formed when cellular proteins, such as flavoproteins transfer electrons to oxygen
Willey et al. 2023 McGraw Hill, USA, ISBN 978-1-265-12303-1

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is the primary source of Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Cai et al. 2021b Front. Endocrinol. 12:683151

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are produced through various sources, including mitochondria and DUOX, at sites of infection
Goswamy & Irazoqui 2021 Current Opinion Immunology 68: 9-20

Physiologically Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are essential regulators of Intercellular Signal transduction.
Cai et al. 2021b Front. Endocrinol. 12:683151

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) function directly as Antimicrobials / Antimicrobial activity or indirectly as signals to induce host defense
Goswamy & Irazoqui 2021 Current Opinion Immunology 68: 9-20

Excess Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) damage organelles, such as the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum , and oxidize host biomolecules
Goswamy & Irazoqui 2021 Current Opinion Immunology 68: 9-20

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are tightly linked to inflammation and carcinogenesis. They are involved in the activation of proinflammatory macrophages, DNA damage, and subsequent hepatocyte transformation.
Leone et al. 2021 Trends in Cancer 7: 606

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and include the superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and the most dangerous hydroxyl radical
Willey et al. 2023 McGraw Hill, USA, ISBN 978-1-265-12303-1

Elevated levels of Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) disrupt the dynamic balance between oxidative and antioxidant systems and lead to oxidative stress damage.
Cai et al. 2021b Front. Endocrinol. 12:683151

Consequences of excess Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) include ATP depletion, disruption of metabolism, and loss of proteostasis
Goswamy & Irazoqui 2021 Current Opinion Immunology 68: 9-20

Under normal physiological conditions, Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced by oxygen metabolism, including

• superoxide anion (O2−),


• Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)),


• Hydroxyl Radical (•OH)),


• Hypochlorite ion (OCl⁻), and


• Peroxynitrite Anion (ONOO−)),
  can be metabolized by endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px)) and Catalase (CAT)

Bonomini et al. 2015 Aging Dis. 6: 109-120
Callaway & Jiang 2015 J. Bone Miner. Metab., 33: 359-370
Suo et al. 2018 J. Dairy Sci. 101: 10664-10674

These reactive oxygen species are generated within the phagolysosome, a specialized compartment formed during the engulfment of pathogens by phagocytes.
Fournier & Parkos 2012 Mucosal Immunology 5(4): 354

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related cardiovascular diseases (ACVD) such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure by contributing to apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis.
Cai et al. 2021b Front. Endocrinol. 12:683151

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) plays a vital role in degenerative diseases

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) induces altered intracellular signaling, which leads to the degradation of physiological defense responses
Vamanu & Rai 2021 Diseases 9: 45

Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can directly activate NF-kB or induce direct DNA damage to cells, leading to HCC
Ouyang et al. 2013 Biochim Biophys Acta 1832: 979-88

see also:
Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer (CAC) & Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) & Oxidative Stress / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Hepatic Inflammation / Liver Inflammation & Hepatobiliary cancers
Neutrophils / Neutrophilic Granulocytes
Oxygen utilization & Types