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Tryptophan metabolites from the Kynurenine Pathway by the gut microbiota suppress inflammatory responses in the macrophages.
Kynurenines serve as precursors for signaling molecules and are the first step in de novo NAD+ synthesis. In mammalian cells, the kynurenine pathway is initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and interferon-responsive Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO). This pathway…