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Commercial milk formula (CMF) sales are driven by multifaceted, well resourced marketing strategies that portray CMF products, with little or no supporting evidence, as solutions to common infant health and developmental challenges in ways that systematically undermine breastfeeding.
The gut microbiota of breast-fed infants has lower microbial diversity and richness than that of formula-fed infants, with increased Proteobacteria / Pseudomonadota , as well as decreased Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidota and Firmicutes / Bacillota
The most dramatic shift in dietary sources of glycans occurs during the transition from a milk-based neonatal diet to a diverse omnivorous adult diet. This transition profoundly affects:
Prebiotic oligosaccharides, including Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), are used in infant formula to mimic human milk oligosaccharides, which are known to have an important role in the development of the intestinal microbiota and the immune system in neonates
Naturally, farrowed piglets were separated from the sow 24–48 hours after birth and fed a milk replacer with or without added Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) for 3 or 26 days.
Dietary GOS was slightly fermented in the large intestine on day 26, resulting in a lower pH, an increase in butyric acid in the cecum digesta, and increased lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.
There were differences in intestinal disaccharidase activity between control and GOS-fed piglets
The mRNA expression of several tight junction proteins was upregulated in the intestine of GOS-fed piglets, but this was not accompanied by increased protein expression
GOS also increased porcine defensin-beta-defensin-2 in the colon and secretory IgA levels in saliva
In conclusion, a milk replacer enriched with GOS was demonstrated to promote the balance of the developing gut microbiota, improve gut architecture, and stimulate the gut defense mechanism
see also:
Breastfeeding