PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) & Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

For detection of bacteria, heterodimeric Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR-1) / Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) heterodimer (TLR-1/TLR-2) binds triacyl lipopeptides, whereas TLR2/6 dimers bind diacyl lipopeptides and lipoteichoic acid. Homodimeric TLR2 binds peptidoglycan, atypical LPS, phenol-soluble modulin from Staphylococcus epidermidis, and porin proteins from Neisseria. In addition, TLR4 binds LPS, TLR5 binds flagellin, and TLR9 binds bacterial CpG DNA. TLR11 detects an unidentified protein(s) from Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) .
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

Bacterial PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) binding initiates changes in the Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) such that TIR-containing adapters are recruited to the TLR-TIR domain.
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

The adapters TIR domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) link Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MYD88) and TIR domain containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM1) to specific TLRs.
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

Signaling via Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR-1), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5), Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR-6), and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7), Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8), Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) is exclusively mediated by Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MYD88). Receptor-associated MyD88 recruits Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1), which then associate with TNF receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6). TNF receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) then activates Transforming growth factor-β-Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1), which in turn activates IkB kinase (IKK), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) / ERK2. This ultimately leads to early-phase activation of NFKB and AP-1 and transcription of effectors of the innate immune response.
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

In addition, the MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6 complex mediates the activation of transcription factors Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) and Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) for the production of cytokines and Interferon alfa (IFN-alfa), respectively.
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

TIR domain containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM1) promotes the activation of TNF receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) and Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which activate Transforming growth factor-β-Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1). This leads to NFKB and AP-1 activity and the production of effector molecules of the innate immune response.
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

In addition, TRIF-dependent signaling activates TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) for Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, leading to the production of Interferon beta (IFN-beta).
West et al. 2006 Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 22: 409-37

see also:
CD284 (Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4))
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3)