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Probiotics can break down difficult food components for their host to digest into easily metabolizable organic acids
Probiotics (living agents) interact with the host and the microbiome via molecular effectors present on the cell structure or secreted as metabolic products
About host cells, Probiotics (living agents) effector molecules can interact directly with receptors in intestinal epithelial, enteroendocrine, and immune cells, as well as vagal afferent fibres. Probiotics can also perform enzymatic metabolism of host compounds such as bile salts and ingested xenobiotics
Current research suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of Probiotics (living agents) are strain-specific and vary in mode of action
Probiotics (living agents) work by eliminating competitors, improving gut barrier function, producing bacteriocins, improving altered microbiota , and modulating the Immune Responses .
Supplementation with live strains of Probiotics (living agents) has its pros and cons. The live organism seems to act in a multimode; it stimulates the host cell and actively changes the environment (for example, through the neutralization of heavy metals, changing of the microbiota composition). However, in special cases, it can cause bacteremia or some intestinal damage
Specific Probiotics (living agents) surface-associated effector molecules include pili , lipoteichoic acids , exopolysaccharides, and various surface-layer proteins, many of which are strain-specific and therefore mediate the delivery of strain-specific effects
The mechanisms of action of probiotics are diverse, heterogeneous, and strain specific.
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) can be increased by Probiotics (living agents) such as Lactobacillus (plantarum, fermentum, salivarius, acidophilus, casei, and rhamnosus), Bifidobacterium (animalis, longum infantis, longum, lactis, and breve), and Bacillus coagulans, Clostridium butyricum, Weissella cibaria, Enterococcus durans, and Prevotella histicola. Th17 can be increased by probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Conversely, CD4+ Th17 cells can be lowered by probiotics such as Lactobacillus (delbrueckii(?id=060b82c3-1d0e-46bc-9520-1d6589c99b3c&linkText=delbrueckii%28brain%3A%2F%2Fw4ILBg4dvEaVIB1licmbPA%2FLactobacillusDelbrueckii%29), acidophilus and rhamnosus), Bifidobacterium breve and Enterococcus faecalis and Prevotella histicola
The surface components of Probiotics (living agents), such as flagella, pili, Surface Layer Proteins (SLPs), capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipoteichoic acid, and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, constitute microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)
Reproducibility and rational strain selection are challenging because of the limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics elicit their effects.
The mechanisms by which probiotics exert these beneficial effects are diverse and can be classified into three main categories: (1) those involving the influence on other microorganisms (especially pathogens); (2) those by which the barrier function played by the intestinal epithelium is enhanced; and (3) those involving the modulation of the immune system.
Probiotics can competitively exclude pathogenic microorganisms because one bacterial species competes more actively for receptor sites in the intestinal tract than others
Dendritic Cells (DCs) are the target cells of a variety of probiotic strains
An important mechanism of probiotics is their close interaction with the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and suggested immunomodulatory effects on systemic Immune Responses
see also:
Bifidobacterium / Bifidobacter
Bifidobacterium animalis lactis BB-12
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium longum
Blackberry
Blueberries
CD83
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5
Mode of Action (MoA) & VSL#3 TM
Probiotics (living agents)
Probiotics (living agents) & Examples
Probiotics (living agents) & Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Probiotics (living agents) & Streptococcus thermophilus
Th1 polarization
Yogurt