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Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology has seen tremendous strides in the past 15 years, introducing several novel immunotherapeutic agents. Nevertheless, as the clinical practice has shown, significant challenges remain, with many patients responding sub-optimally to available therapeutic options
These immunotherapies, while promising, often fail as a result of immune-specific cancer evasion
Tumor immunotherapy is the fourth therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology can only be applied to the treatment of a small number of tumors (up to 30%), and a considerable number of patients are not sensitive to this method. Its adverse reactions are common or even more serious, and the response rate in some solid tumors is not satisfactory
Cancer immunotherapy involves harnessing the body's immune system to target and destroy tumor cells, primarily through the activation of T cells and their subsequent cytotoxic effects. However, many tumor cells evade detection by T cells or possess mechanisms to deactivate them. This enables tumor cells to remain unnoticed by the immune system, leading to unchecked proliferation.
Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology has been an active area of oncology research. Following the US FDA approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), ipilimumab in 2011, and the first oncolytic virus, Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec), in 2015, there has been renewed interest in Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology
Complex immunosuppressive mechanisms responsible for failure of effective cancer immunotherapy throughout 1990s. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) are the two classes of Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology most widely tested and clinically approved
The best markers of Immune Checkpoint inhibitors for response is the density of CD8 T cells by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) as well as the measurement of tumor PD-L1
Involving the Immune System is a key strategy to improve outcome in cancer patients. Melanoma = 'model disease' for testing new Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology
Not all factors controlling the expression of immune checkpoints targeted by immunotherapy have been defined. It has been shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-g) , usually associated with positive immune responses, can contribute to immune suppression by upregulating PD-L1 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) . These enzymes are proximal and redundant rate-limiting enzymes in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan metabolism
Some visible or palpable tumor lesions, depending on their location, can be injected without image guidance. The identification of biomarkers that will allow us to correlate local activity with systemic efficacy
see also:
Anti-tumor immune responses
Cancer Immunotherapy / Immuno-Oncology & Examples
Cancer / Tumors & Host Defense / Immune system
Cancer / Tumors & Kynurenine (Kyn)
CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) Therapy
Tumor Immune Response
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)