Western Diet (WD) / Western Pattern Diet

What is Western Diet?
Western diet (WD) contains high levels of cholesterol and sugar, in addition to fat
McIntyre et al. 2023 Trends in Cancer 9: 752

Western-type diets are characterized by high intakes of animal proteins, fats, and refined carbohydrates (sugars) and low intakes of dietary fibers
Makki et al. 2018 Cell Host Microbe 23: 705-715

Western Diet features are: A high intake of red and processed meat, high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, refined grains, butter, etc., and a low intake of dietary fiber
Foolchand et al. 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23: 2654
He et al. 2022a Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac029

The western is often characterized by high intake of high-fat dairy, processed meats and sugar and low intake of whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
Benham & Bernard 2018 Future Oncology 14: 583–588

Effects
Increases frequency of metabolic diseases and systemic low-grade inflammation.
Impairs adaptive immune system
Foolchand et al. 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23: 2654

Western diets result in elevated insulin, hyperglycemia, high IGF-1, and high cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Longo & Anderson 2022 Cell 185: 1455

During consumption of a Western-style obesogenic High-fat diet (HFD), the small intestine (SI) epithelium adapts to contend with the increase in dietary fat.
Clara et al. 2017 J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 167-175

Specifically, the small Intestine epithelium increases its ability to metabolize fats, protecting the host from features of metabolic dysfunction.
Kondo et al. 2006 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291: E1092-E1099
Clara et al. 2017 J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 167-175
Zembroski et al. 2021 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 321: G75-G86

Consumption of red meat and a high glycemic load, as in Western diet, was associated with the Colorectal Cancer (CRC) p53 mutation
Slattery et al. 2002

Diseases associated with Western Diet
Westernized diet is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases, negatively affecting gut microbiota and the immune system.
García-Montero et al. 2022 Nutrients 13: 699

Western Diet (WD) / Western Pattern Diet causes such impairments as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hyperinsulinemia / Insulin Resistance & Western Diet (WD), hypercholesterolemia (HChol), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and systemic inflammation collectively known as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Luque-Contreras et al. 2014 Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014: 49780
Hosseini-Esfahani et al. 2018 Int J Endocrinol Metab 16: e84771
Dabke et al. 2019 J Clin Invest 129: 4050-4057

Mechanisms
Western diet-associated systemic alterations impair the blood-brain barrier and development of neuroinflammation paralleled by the accumulation of toxic amyloid.
Więckowska-Gacek et al. 2021 Ageing Research Reviews 70: 101397

Western Diet-triggered inflammatory factors entering the brain
Certain areas in the brain, the so-called Circumventricular organs (CVOs) (e.g., mediobasal hypothalamus) , have fenestrated capillaries, where passage is facilitated
Heiss et al. 2022 Molecular Neurobiology 59: 3755-3766

The high glucose intake can increase the permeability of the gut barrier and the sensitivity of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
He et al. 2022a Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac029

A high-protein or high-fat diet increases oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and decreases the expression of MUCIN-2 (MUC2) and Claudin-1 / CLDN1 in the colon tissues of mice.
He et al. 2022a Adv Nutr doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac029

The balance between nonclassical natural killer T cells and Treg cells is disrupted, ultimately exacerbating experimental colitis
Ma et al. 2007 Clin Exp Immunol 151(1): 130-8
Gulhane et al. 2016 Sci Rep 6(1): 28990

see also:
Autoimmunity & Food / Diets / Nutrients
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) & Western Diet (WD) / Western Pattern Diet
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)