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Bacterial metabolism is more than energy production. It regulates virulence and pathogenesis.
Key signaling molecules include:
The metabolism of gut bacteria contributes to host purine homeostasis
Human microbiota, especially gut bacteria , produce unique enzymes that create diverse small molecules facilitating chemical communication between host and microbes
Metabolite fluxes in microbial communities are predictable from individual genotypes.
The bacteria in the Gut microbiota have numerous genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
Microbial Metabolites are small molecules produced as intermediate or end products of microbial metabolism
Up to 50% of serum metabolites come from commensal microbes. Thousands of microbial metabolites are yet to be discovered. They don't just list known metabolites. Instead, they categorize interactions at the host-microbiota interface. These roles include nutrient attainment, detoxification, signaling, and competition. Each category has specific examples.
Bacterial metabolites and products are detected directly at the host-microbe interface in the epithelium, or they can be absorbed and circulated to exert a more widespread systemic effect.
Microbiota metabolites encompass a diverse range of chemicals, including Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), Bile acids / Bile salts, amino acid derivatives, polyamines, vitamins, antimicrobials, gases, and phenolic compounds
The most highly represented categories were related to Amino Acid Transport and metabolism, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis and transcription
Microbial phenolic metabolites can target the brain function by the direct and indirect modulation of inflammation.
Gut microbial metabolites have been classified into three different categories:
Active phytoestrogens, short-chain fatty acids, lithocholic acid, and cadaverine have been identified as bacterial metabolites that influence the risk and prognosis of breast cancer
Many microbiota metabolites have signaling functions for the host-microbiota crosstalk
The interactions involve complex physiological processes and microbiota metabolites , functioning as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that trigger immune responses via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities
Gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue
Han and colleagues compiled a reference database of 833 metabolites that are relevant to microbial metabolism
The metabolite profile differs between genera and very closely related species such as Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium cadaveris. On the other hand, phylogenetically, very different species, such as Atopobium parvulum and Catenibacterium mitsuokai, can have a very similar metabolite pattern. In this respect, metabolite profiles are not sufficient to distinguish between members of different species independently of each other.
The metabolism of immune cells (immunometabolism) for energy production based on diet, food additives, and bacterial metabolites is crucial for their pro and anti-inflammatory effects
These commensals can shape systemic immune responses via translocation of metabolites , microbial cell wall components, and viable microbes
Gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives
Although the molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of microbial metabolites on neurons remain unclear, some metabolites, such as Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO), N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA) and Regenerating islet-derived protein 3 alfa (REG3A), have been associated with neurological conditions and factors related to neurite outgrowth
Specialized immune cells, called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, specifically recognize and respond to microbial metabolites
A growing body of work implicates microbially produced metabolites as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence on the host
Gut bacteria have the ability to generate specific metabolites based on the substrates available in the gut lumen, such as amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. For instance, they continuously produce organic acids like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-SCFAs, as well as specific bile acid derivatives and vitamins.
The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis
Bacteria produce various substances that significantly impact the body's overall health, including how it processes food, fights off diseases, and maintains mental well-being
These substances include lipids, sugars, and proteins, which all play a role in how bacteria communicate with the body
Bacteria Communicate by Importing the Substrates for Metabolism and Exporting Metabolic End Products
It is estimated that gut microbial metabolites represent 10% of the metabolites found in mammalian blood
see also:
Activation / Activators & Dendritic Cells (DCs)
Amino Acid Fermentation & Clostridia
Amino Acid Fermentation & Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Amino Acid Fermentation & Peptococcus
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) & Cancer / Tumors
Bifidobacterium / Bifidobacter & Lipid metabolism
Bioactive agents / Bioactive compounds
Biological effects / Functions & Secondary bile salts / Secondary bile acids (SBAs)Commensal Bacteria / Commensalism
Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)
Enterotype 1 & Vitamins
Estrogens & Gut microbiota
Exometabolites
Exometabolome
Fermenting / Fermentation
Gut microbiota & Immunity
Gut microbiota & Metabolic activities / Metabolism
Gut microbiota & Weapons
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) & Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
Lipid Metabolism & Processes
Metabolomics
Metagenomics
Microbial Cultivation / Microbial Culturing
Microbial Metabolism
Microbial products
Virulence